Current Value Accounting - 5283 Words

Current Value Accounting and Its Influences on Accounting Environment Wei Cui Abstract Current Value Accounting is one of the hot spots of accounting researches. Three prevailing current value accounting methods are present value method, current entry price method and current exit price method. All these methods aim at adjusting the book value of assets and liabilities so that the information will not be distorted by the changing prices. The theoretical roots of these methods are similar and they can be taken as options to deal with the issue of capital maintenance and income recognition under a changing price environment. It is found current value accounting affects accounting†¦show more content†¦and Where: the present value at time 0 the present value at time 1 = in come from the asset for the first year expected net cash flow in year j appropriate discount rate estimated life of the asset Although present value method is theoretically correct, due to the high subjectivity of variable estimation, ‘the practical importance of that kind of information seemed to have dropped from sight’. (Stewart, Claudio Janek 1995, p.83) 1.2 Current Entry Price Method Current entry price, known as replacement price, can be defined as ‘the amount of cash or other consideration that would be required to obtain the same asset or its equivalent’ (Ahmed Stewart 2002, p.422). Three issues can be identified from this conception. First, current entry price method complies with the â€Å"going concern† principle. With the consumption of assets, managers need to plan the fund to replace the current assets with new ones in order to keep the firm ordinarily running. Second, this method focuses on the maintenance of productive capacity of the assets. Replacement doesn’t mean to keep the physical image of an asset unchanged but to make the asset keep on producing a stable cash flow for the firm. At last, the current entry price measurement needs a reliable reference for the evaluation process. That is, there should be an active market for the firm to get the new assets at fair prices.Show MoreRelatedThe principle of historical cost i s still used in accounting when there is a large measure of agreement that it is inappropriate. Discuss.1226 Words   |  5 PagesSynopsis. Historical Cost Accounting is a traditional valuation method as it reflects only on the past cost of the asset, however in the contemporary business environment companies must remain flexible and transparent. This belief has lead to the creation of several other valuation methods, due to word constraints I have focused primarily on Fair Value Accounting as an alternative to Historical Cost Accounting. Although Fair value accounting is a theoretically superior valuation methodology, thereRead MoreAdvantages and Disadvantages of Hstorical Cost Accounting1241 Words   |  5 PagesHstorical Cost Accounting Advantages and disadvantages of historical cost accounting, alternatives to historical cost accounting 2.1 Introduction Accounting concepts and conventions as used in accountancy are the rules and guidelines by which the accountant lives. The historical cost accounting convention is an accounting technique that values an asset for balance sheet purposes at the price paid for the asset at the time of its acquisition. The historical cost accounting is the situationRead MoreIntermediate Accounting 14 Edition Test Bank – by Kieso1044 Words   |  5 PagesIntermediate Accounting 14 Edition Test Bank – By Kieso Follow Link Below To Get Tutorial https://homeworklance.com/downloads/intermediate-accounting-14-edition-test-bank-by-kieso/ Description: Chapter 1 Financial Accounting and Accounting Standards Chapter 2 Conceptual Framework Underlying Financial Accounting Chapter 3 The Accounting Information System Chapter 4 INCOME STATEMENT AND RELATED INFORMATION Chapter 5 BALANCE SHEET AND STATEMENT OF CASH FLOWS Read MoreAccounting Research: Advantages of Cash Flow1720 Words   |  7 Pagesdependent on accounting conventions and concepts/principles * Cash flow reporting satisfies the needs of all users better since cash flow is more direct with its messages. Some of the interested user parties are: * Creditors   -repayment of debts, overdue accounts * Management -cash flow reporting provides the type of information which decision should be taken re: relevant costs ( decision based on future cash flow) * Shareholders amp; Auditors -cash flow accounting and reportingRead MoreHistorical Cost and Fair Value1733 Words   |  7 PagesAbstract This paper is written for the accounting theory course as a course project. This paper discusses the differences between the historical cost accounting approach and the fair value accounting approach. The discussion will focus on the debate on using which accounting approach. We begin by stating the definitions of both concepts and discussing them thoroughly, then we state the main advantages of the two approaches followed by comparison between them. The last section of this paper discussesRead MoreHistorical Cost vs. Fair Value695 Words   |  3 PagesThe basic purpose of accounting is to provide information that is useful to investors, creditors and others in making rational economic decisions. One accounting issue that has been debated on a lot is the historical cost method versus the fair value measurement. The historical cost method has been the basis of GAAP accounting for the past decade but has slowly been disappearing. Today it is starting to be replaced by the fair value method of accounting. When choosing a valuation method, it seemsRead MoreAccounting Theory 41063 Words   |  5 PagesFair value or false accounting 1. How are assets and liabilities measured under IAS 39? Answer: According to IAS 39, Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement, financial instrument are to be stated at their ‘fair value’- defined as ‘the amount for which an asset could be exchanged, or a liability settled, between knowledgeable, willing parties in an arm’s length transaction’. ‘If the market for a financial instrument is not active, an entity establishes a fair value byRead MoreContinuously Contemporary Accounting1692 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Over the past years there have been many accounting measurement systems developed to replace or serve as a supplement to historical cost accounting. However it is not possible, at present, to state which system, if any, is likely to replace the historical cost system. Perhaps the most notable system is Continuously Contemporary Accounting (CoCoA), proposed by Australian researcher, Raymond Chambers. Chambers quoted â€Å"†¦that thousands of shareholders had lost millions of dollars on securityRead MoreMeasuring Fair Value Accounting Standards1346 Words   |  6 PagesFair Value accounting is a measurement application to value assets and liabilities based on current transactions among buyers and sellers in the market. In other words, the price market participants pay or receive in an orderly transaction at a certain date. There are different techniques for measuring fair values depending on asset and market activity. It includes market approach, cost approach, and income approa ch. Financial Accounting standards (FAS 157) defines fair value as â€Å"the price that wouldRead MoreInadequacies of Accounting Ratios as Tools of Financial Analysis.1481 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscuss the inadequacies of accounting ratios as tools of financial analysis. ACCOUNTING POLICIES. It is difficult to use ratios to compare companies, because they very often follow different accounting policies. For example, one company may value stock under the LIFO principle, another may follow the FIFO principle. Similarly, one company may depreciate assets under the straight line method, while its competitors may be using reducing balance method. Also, one company may value their assets using the

The Feminist Movement Of The Twentieth Century - 2026 Words

Women’s rights have evolved over time; beginning with being homemakers and evolving to obtaining professions, acquiring an education, and gaining the right to vote. The movement that created all these revolutionary changes was called the feminist movement. The feminist movement occurred in the twentieth century. Many people are not aware of the purpose of the feminist movement. The movement was political and social and it sought to set up equality for women. Women’s groups in the United States worked together to win women’s suffrage and later to create and support the Equal Rights Amendment. The economic boom between 1917 and the early 1960s brought many American women into the workplace. As women began to join the workplace they became progressively more aware of their unequal economic and social status. Homemakers, many of whom who had previously obtained college educations, began to voice their lack of personal fulfillment. They had an awakening, they realized their lives were not fulfilled and wanted more than what the restraints of society would offer them. Many literary works were born from the feminist movement; each enabling women to achieve more than what society expected of them and to push the societal limits. The Awakening is a prototype of the feminist movement. Kate Chopin’s novel The Awakening follows a common theme in literature. She uses the novel as a way to demonstrate the emancipation of women. Peggy Skaggs believes that Chopin’s lifeShow MoreRelatedThe Feminist Movement Of The Twentieth Century2029 Words   |  9 PagesThe Feminist Awakening Women’s rights have evolved over time; beginning with being homemakers and evolving to obtaining professions, acquiring an education, and gaining the right to vote. The movement that created all these revolutionary changes was called the feminist movement. The feminist movement occurred in the twentieth century. Many people are not aware of the purpose of the feminist movement. The movement was political and social and it sought to set up equality for women. Women’s groupsRead MoreWomens Suffrage Movement Essay1559 Words   |  7 PagesFrom the Seneca Falls Convention in 1848 to Betty Friedman and her bestselling book, The Feminine Mystique, the women’s suffrage movement advocated for equality between men and women. Throughout the years, there were many women that fought for the rights they have today. Susan B. Anthony along with a colleague formed the National Woman Suffrage Association that served to gain women the right to vote. In 1920, women were granted the right to vote by the 19th amendment of the constitution. At thisRead MoreUnequal Rights For Women And Gender Inequality1732 Words   |  7 Pageswomen and gender inequality have been a plague across European society since the dawn of time. It was not until the late eighteenth century that women’s rights activists, such as Mary Wollstonecraft, began to take action against this inequality. Through the perseverance of these activists, major reforms for equality began to arise during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, both being time periods that marked a profound era for women and the progression of women’s rights. During this time women’s rightsRead MoreThe Woman Suffrage Movement809 Words   |  4 PagesDuBois, in The Radicalism of the Woman Suffrage Movement, argue that the vote was a complete necessity in order for women to assert their own foothold in the public sphere, defined by DuBois as â€Å"operating in the public world of work and politic s.† Opposing this position, William O’Neill argued that the vote would provide no advance in the woman condition and that when the vote was gained, â€Å"feminists were in the same place they were before the movement even began.† Heidi Williamson does not necessarilyRead MoreResearch Paper on Black Feminists1307 Words   |  6 PagesResearch Paper: Black Feminist Movement Different movements went on through segregation days where blacks and whites were separated. Some movements led to another. Such movements became very popular, and were moving fast towards freedom. However, some movements were not taking as serious as others. Such movements like the Black Feminist Movement, was not looked at as a major aspect to their black nation. Many had fail to realize that even women have strong voices to be heard in social, politicalRead MoreThe Feminist Manifesto, And Susan Glaspell s Trifles1257 Words   |  6 PagesThe feminist movement lays claim to a history of both victorious struggle and violent controversy. As women fought for equality with men in the early twentieth century, literature was inspired by this movement. Modernist writers used their artform to provide social commentary in similar ways to realistic writers of the nineteenth century. However, modernist thought allows a much more obvious agenda to be presented through literature. Mina Loy, i n â€Å"Feminist Manifesto,† and Susan Glaspell, in â€Å"TriflesRead MoreThe Fight For Women s Rights1359 Words   |  6 PagesThe fight for women’s rights has been a long and ongoing battle. It was not until the twentieth century that the majority of women demanded legal and social rights for themselves. Society’s way of thinking in the eighteenth century was a patriarchal and conservative one. Women stayed at home and took care of the family while the men went to work, and while there was some opposition to this, the majority of men and women did not mind. This can be seen in the formation and vast acceptance of the CultRead MoreA Timeline of Gendered Movements849 Words   |  3 Pages Gendered Movements 1. Timeline 1869 Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton create the National Woman Suffrage Association. They intend that the institution would change the way that the masses perceive women in general. The main purpose of the group is to relate to the Constitution as one of the documents emphasizing that Congress should allow women to be provided with voting rights. 1890 The National Woman Suffrage Association becomes more powerful as it merges with the American WomenRead MoreWomen Role in Christianity and Islam996 Words   |  4 Pageswho prays for her family, her church, her government and her country. She is a woman who reads Gods Word and puts Him first in her life. From the beginning of the early Christian church, starting with Jesus, women were important members of the movement. The examples of the manner of Jesus reveal his attitudes toward women and show repeatedly how he liberated and affirmed women. Both complementarians and egalitarians see Jesus as treating women with compassion, grace and dignity.[2] The gospelsRead MoreFeminism And The Feminist Movement Essay1292 Words   |  6 PagesThe feminist movement came to fruition during the early 20th century. Over all, the push for women s suffrage and rights was strong, but further enhanced by leaders like Alice Paul and Jane Addams. The idea of equal rights for all was further scrutinized and contested after civil rights were granted to former slaves. Women began to push for similar equality as illustrated through the feminist movement. The feminist movement became very large and sprouted subsections, one being a subsection

Assessment Task Demand and Supply

Question: Discuss about theAssessment Taskfor Demand and Supply. Answer: Article Summary This section provides a brief discussion of the article by pointing out the 3 most significant issues contained within the article. The title of the article selected is mining makes pollies confused about demand and supply The topic under discussion is the demand and supply of certain resources in Australia and specifically seeks out to discuss the demand and supply of mining resources in Australia (Gittins 2016). Being that almost everyone has lived in a market economy all their lives, it would be anticipated that the impacts of supply and demand on price would be well fathomed, especially by any person who has managed to get themselves into the legislature. However, one of the main issue noted is the surprise that members of parliament on each side of Australian parliament have awful distress figuring out the operation of supply (Allen et al. 2012). Politicians at times tell the public that rising supply will exert downward pressure on the prices and at times they say that it will not. This, therefore, means that politicians lack effective understanding of how supply and demand work. It is apparent from the article is that politicians from both sides of Australian Parliament gets its all wrong how supply works in regards to natural gas (Baye 2015). The second issue is that when it comes to the natural gas, the solutions to the price along with looming shortages is for the NSW and Victorian governments to provide gas firms free rein to undertake their fracking wherever they select on the farmland of the state. This has been pointed out by the Minister of Industry, Greg Hunt. The production of coal seam gas to the eastern state would uplift supply and hence exert downward pressure on the prices of gas as well as avert the risks connected to shortages. This could be true strictly if Australia would via its eastern seaboard had a closes market in the absence of international trade in gas products. The third issue is that the trick the pollies and the business interest expected to be helped do not want to focus their attentions to. The eastern states demand for gas and decrease in supply of gas from Australia gas fields have undergone little changes. Only the decisions of the government to permit the foreign investors to establish various gas liquefaction plants near Gladstone in Queensland. Accordingly, the government has opened a link amid Australian closed gas market and the global market, whereby the world price of gas merely occurs to be extremely higher. This has resulted in Australian gas wholesale price to double to keep pace with the world price whi ch is uncompetitive price as claimed by the Australian manufacturers while people are expecting a looming gas shortages. Relevant Underlying Theoretical Economic Concepts The underlying theoretical economic concepts in the article is the concepts of economic forces of demand and supply and the prices and quantities changes. The other concepts that are apparent from the article is the impacts of international trade on the country prices vis--vis a closed economy. The Australian Gas prices is under the dilemma following the government opening the closed market to the international trade. The operationalizing of supply and demand remain unclear due to this change and hence, the need to understand the impacts of this change to the prices and quantity supplied and demanded in the Australian Gas market. It is thought that as long the governments permit local gas producers to charge the world price, there will be never an extra amount of seam gas generation sufficient enough to decrease the world price. The federal pollies of both color bang on decreasing limitations on fracking since they are undertaking the bidding of their generous/mates party donors or future employers in the Australian gas industry. This is also done as a result them wanting to draw attention away for the reality that they initially permitted local gas prices to increase and do not want to change any policies to cut the prices downwards. Where the Australian gas market is allowed to charge the world price, no shortages of gas are expected. Related Policy Issues This section puts emphasis on what the government policy is as well as what the government needs to do to solve the problem. The Australian gas market is presently undergoing substantial structural alterations. Notably, merely ten years down the line, low production and exploration levels saw the schemes advanced to import gas from Papua New Guinea. Presently, Australia is on the way of becoming the largest global LNG exporter, having invested over $200 billion in the previous decade. Further, exploration in Queensland alone has observed a rise in gas reserves to forty thousand from 5000 petajoules between 2006 and 2012. Despite creating unrestrained openings for investment, export and employment such policies have as well been accompanied by challenges in local market. Industrial and Commercial businesses that are competing increasingly against exporters for the gas find it challenging to bargain supply contracts, that are presently set at huge prices, for dumpier periods and with higher rigidity around terms. However, new supplies from novel producers remain essential in promoting competition and ensuring reliable future supply. Though the present gas supplies can meet local demand and export commitments till 2025, a series of reforms are inevitable. In the absence of these reforms, the prices will upsurge and the supply will in turn tighten coupled by the collapsing global oil prices that serves as disincentive to gas exploration, and diverse moratoria along with regulatory restrains on the exploration of gas which are presently in place crossways NSW, Victoria and Tasmania. The Labor opposition in Northern Territory is threatening its individual moratorium on unconventional extraction of gas. Reforms must focus on the creation of a more liquid as well as efficient supply market on east coast. ACCC has warned against having a local reservation policy because it serves as disincentive to investment. The governments must shift away from blanket moratoria on particular development of gas alongside managing risks on the basis of case by case. ACCC has further recommended a novel test in gas pipelines regulations to bar the market power exercise along with monopoly pricing. Over 20% of transmission pipelines on east coast are regulated with a regime that is vertically integrated business model thus unfit for the purpose. Government must consider ACCC suggested mechanism. Existing contracts must be respected and continued investment promoted in pipelines as a way to ensure supply security. ACCC has further appreciated how significant it is to purchases in gas market to have adequate market info and transparency. The challenge of unequal negotiating power will be addressed by mandatory provision along with publication of essential data about reserves, transportation and commodity prices. The government must consider commercial sensitivities by making not making the prices in bilateral gas contracts confidential hence enhancing competitive negotiation (Salvatore 2015). Article Critique This sections emphasizes on whether the article covers economic discrepancies or disregards significant economic policy problems and issues, or whether the article is inconsistent with economic theory. The article clearly covers the economic discrepancies and regards substantial economic policy problems/issues on the other. Particular, the article has sought out to present the true reflections of the economic forces of demand and supply that seemed not to be understood by the politicians. The article has stated categorically that both politicians from the political divide in Australian Parliament do not understand the supply of gas. Subsequently, it has explained the effects of opening the initially closed gas market to global trade on the domestic prices, gas supply and quantities demanded (McTaggart, Findlay and Parkin 2012). The article moreover regards noteworthy economic policy issues/problems. For example, it has highlighted the negative consequences that will arise from Queenslands government keen interest on seeing the mine proceeded immediately and even willing to subsidize a rail line to the coastal port by one billion. The article has queried the impact of this investment to net royalty revenues. The article warns against believing the claim that rail line is not a subsidy since it is a loan by categorically highlighting that it is a subsidy as the line will open up Galilee Basin to other mines. Emergence of such is stated by the article to have greater influence on the downward pressure on prices of coal and tax receipts (Faarnham 2014). The article further states critically that all said and done, Australia will have no much to gain but rather a lot to lose by continuing the development of an additional coal mine. The article even questions why despite the time for transitioning from fossil fuel to renewable energy as soon as possible, Queensland government is pushing down coal prices which apparently delays the process by escalating the comparable price demerit of renewables (Keat and Young 2009). The article effectively concludes by pointing out that Australian political office is compromised to interfere with economic reasoning powers of the pollies. References Allen, W.B., Weigelt, K., Doherty, N and Mansfield, E. 2012. Managerial economics: Theory, applications and cases (International Student Edition), WW Norton, New York,NY. Baye, M.R., 2015. Managerial economics and business strategy, 8th edn, McGraw Hill, New York, NY. Faarnham, G., 2014. Economics for managers, 3rd edn, Pearson Education, London. Gerber, J., 2013. International economics, 6th edn, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Keat, P.G., and Young, P.K., 2009. Managerial economics, 7th edn, Pearson Education, Upper Saddle River, NJ. Gittins, R., December 18 2016. Mining makes pollies confused about demand and supply. The Sydney Morning Herald, Issue Gas Industry , pp. 1-4. https://www.smh.com.au/business/comment-and-analysis/mining-makes-pollies-confused-about-demand-and-supply-20161218-gtdhxe.html McTaggart, D., Findlay, D., and Parkin, M. 2012. Economics, 7th edn, Addison-Wesley, Sydney. Salvatore, D. 2015. Managerial economics in a global economy, 8th edn, Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Shine Essays - English-language Films, Films,

Shine Directed by Scott Hicks, the drama Shine is a formalist masterpiece. Writing the piece as a fiction film gave the author license to alter the events in the story of David Helfgott, a real musician who had a nervous breakdown on his way to magnificence. Geoffrey Rush's portrayal gave life and believability to David, and Rush won an Academy Award for his realistic method acting. He had not only to provide depth to the character, but had additional physical demands placed upon him due to David's irregular speech and his tendency to twitch. Both setting and costume are unobtrusive, allowing the audience to focus on the characters rather than their adornments. The formalistic style allows for manipulation of time, and the film begins in medias reas, jumping back and then foreward as it progresses. The structure is highly fragmented, and much of the action is cyclical. Every element of film composition is elegantly intertwined in this picture, mingling together to form connections and patterns out of seemingly separated things. The film opens with a close shot side-view of the protagonist's face as he smokes a cigarette, smoke drifting up from his lips and into the surrounding darkness. He is talking, but that soon is faded into the sound of rainwater. The rain becomes visible as it replaces David's face in a fade technique, and David enters the frame and walks from the right of the screen to its left, suggesting change and action. He arrives at a restaurant window, peers in, and falls into a strange conversation with the employees. This is now the chronological middle of the story, and, while common in Medieval literature, is a highly unorthodox place to begin a picture. Though this film is more easily classified as a formalist piece, it has outstanding avant garde elements throughout. The transition from the restaurant to the car is masked by the dialogue covering it. Since the acting overrides editing as a way to convey meaning in Shine, Hicks employs many sound motifs to ease editing transitions and make them seem more natural. As the discussion fades and the rain again takes auditory prominence, the scene darkens and the water becomes the clapping of many hands. In this way David eases into a flashback of his childhood. He walks small and silent to the stage for his first competition, and a long shot is used to emphasise the fright and anxiety of the boy. Other transitory devices include David's glasses, his hands on the piano keys, and sometimes a change in his costume, such as when he first plays the restaurant in rags. When he stands to receive his applause, he is dressed much more nicely, now an employee of the establishment. Hicks also employs classical cutting techniques, which depend on the content curve (the moment when the audience has had a chance to assimilate all information presented but not analyse or become bored with it) to determine breaks in scenes. One example of this technique is after David presents his professor with the Rack III and asks "Am I mad enough?" The scene is cut before the professor answers, and the following scene is the professor intensively training David on the very piece. Cutting for continuity is commonly used to condense time while maintaining a sense of the actions taking place between two major events. Preparations for one of David's concerts are edited in such a manner, making a ritual out of the ordeal while not wasting too much time on it. Besides editing, relationships can be suggested through film devices such as proxemic ranges, angles, and reaction shots. After David loses his first competition, his father stares at the ground while walking well ahead of the boy. His father is disappointed, and David is rather unaware of any problem as he innocently plays hopscotch as he follows. The reactions of David's father and his instructor are shown through parallel editing when the announcement of the National Champion does not coincide with their hopes for David. Both are displeased, but Mr. Helfgott simmers with barely restrained anger. Since he was denied music as a child, he forces it upon David and demands greatness from him. Later in the film, David is filmed standing on the second floor of a library balcony as his father calls to him from below. The low angle used when the scene is shot from the father's point of view suggests his decrease in power and his growing respect for his son. Moments before they walked down the hall to